Georeferenced yield mapping of cocoa crop (Theobroma cacao L.) CCN-51 using precision agriculture techniques
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Introduction: Precision Agriculture optimizes input use by leveraging the spatial and temporal variability present within crops, including soil, productivity, pests, and diseases. Its implementation in perennial fruit trees represents a challenge due to yield estimation. In cacao crops, variability in productivity is significant, affecting the efficiency of agricultural management. Although studies on interpolation exist for short-cycle crops, a specific approach is required for perennial fruit trees. Objective: This study aims to validate a method for mapping the spatial variability of CCN-51 cacao yield in manual harvest systems. Methodology: The experimental area covers 3000 m², with 7-year-old grafted plants. For sampling, the area was divided into 36 regular cells of 30 m x 30 m. During the harvest from March to June, pods were collected biweekly and georeferenced using GPS, employing the UTM system and the Mobile Topographer app. Statistical analyses were performed with GS+ and QGIS 3.10, applying interpolation through kriging or inverse distance weighting, depending on spatial dependence. Results: The study of CCN-51 cacao showed monthly variability in production. Diseases such as frosty pod rot and black pod increased over time. Geostatistical analysis revealed that both the Gaussian and spherical models were suitable to describe the spatial dependence of healthy pods, diseased pods, and dry weight, with high spatial dependence in most months. Kriging interpolation allowed the identification of specific areas of high and low production, showing that the southwest and central zones were the most productive or affected depending on the month. Conclusion: The proposed method allows for optimizing cacao crop management, increasing resource use efficiency, and improving sustainability in perennial agricultural systems. General Area of Study: Agronomy. Specific area of study: Precision agriculture. Type of study: Original articles.
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